MODULUS / REFERENCE
Mathematical constants
Core dimensionless constants used in calculations and formulas.
| Symbol | Value or formula | Description |
|---|---|---|
| π | 3.141592653589793 | Pi: circumference divided by diameter. |
| e | 2.718281828459045 | Base of the natural logarithm. |
| φ | 1.618033988749895 | Golden ratio. |
| √2 | 1.414213562373095 | Diagonal of a unit square. |
| ln 2 | 0.6931471805599453 | Natural logarithm of two. |
Values are provided for reference. Check the required unit system and conditions before engineering or laboratory use.