Sections
Instrumentation and control
Measurement signals, sensors, errors, flow, current loops, valves and PID controllers.
4
Units and ranges
Ranges, spans, percentage of scale and normalized values.
→74–20 mA and 0–10 V signals
Conversion between standard analog signals and process values.
→5Pneumatic signals
20–100 kPa and 3–15 psi signal ranges.
→6Temperature sensors
Pt100, Pt1000 resistance sensors and thermocouples.
→7Calibration and errors
Absolute, relative and full-scale errors and hysteresis.
→7Pressure and level
Hydrostatic pressure, level and absolute pressure.
→6Flow
Volumetric and mass flow, velocity and differential pressure.
→7Pulse signals
Frequency, K-factor, total volume and rotational speed.
→7Current loops
Voltage drop, load resistance and supply headroom.
→6Control valves
Kv flow coefficient and valve characteristics.
→8PID controllers
Control error and proportional, integral and derivative terms.
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